Blockchain и шифрование
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Blockchain
- https://andersbrownworth.com/blockchain/
- https://github.com/smartcontractkit/full-blockchain-solidity-course-js
- Solidity Tutorial for Beginners - Full Course in 4 Hours (2023)
- How To Become A Blockchain Developer In 2023?
- Become a Web 3 & Blockchain Developer in 2023 | Practical Step by Step Solidity and Web3 Roadmap
- Build and Deploy a Web 3.0 Cryptocurrency Exchange Decentralized Application
Генерация случайных строк
#!/bin/bash # bash generate random alphanumeric string # # bash generate random 32 character alphanumeric string (upper and lowercase) and NEW_UUID=$(cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1) # bash generate random 32 character alphanumeric string (lowercase only) cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1 # Random numbers in a range, more randomly distributed than $RANDOM which is not # very random in terms of distribution of numbers. # bash generate random number between 0 and 9 cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc '0-9' | fold -w 256 | head -n 1 | head --bytes 1 # bash generate random number between 0 and 99 NUMBER=$(cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc '0-9' | fold -w 256 | head -n 1 | sed -e 's/^0*//' | head --bytes 2) if [ "$NUMBER" == "" ]; then NUMBER=0 fi # bash generate random number between 0 and 999 NUMBER=$(cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc '0-9' | fold -w 256 | head -n 1 | sed -e 's/^0*//' | head --bytes 3) if [ "$NUMBER" == "" ]; then NUMBER=0 fi
Ассиметричное шифрование
Есть 2 ключа. Публичный и приватный.
Концепция делится на 2 части:
- Концепция "достоверность отправителя". Вы подписываете сообщение приватным ключом. Остальные могут убедится, что сообщение написали вы, т.к. подпись проверяется открытым ключом.
- Концепция "почтовый ящик". Вы шифруете сообщение публичным ключом. Расшифровать можно только приватным. Отправляете сообщение в мир, а открыть его может только тот у кого есть ключ.
В конечном итоге вы шифруете открытым ключом получателя и подписываете своим ключом. Получается что получатель может убедится, что отправили его именно вы, а расшифровать может только он.
Концепция "достоверность отправителя"
#!/usr/bin/env bash NAME=alice PASSWORD=`cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1` openssl genrsa -aes256 -passout pass:${PASSWORD} -out ${NAME}.private.pem 8912 openssl rsa -in ${NAME}.private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -pubout -out ${NAME}.public.pem echo $PASSWORD > ${NAME}.pass NAME=bob PASSWORD=`cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1` openssl genrsa -aes256 -passout pass:${PASSWORD} -out ${NAME}.private.pem 8912 openssl rsa -in ${NAME}.private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -pubout -out ${NAME}.public.pem echo $PASSWORD > ${NAME}.pass I=0 I=$((I+1)) NAME=alice FILE=`printf "%03d" ${I}`.${NAME}.msg MESSAGE='Hello Bob! I love you' PASSWORD=`cat ${NAME}.pass` echo ${MESSAGE} > ${FILE} openssl dgst -sha256 -sign ${NAME}.private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -out ${FILE}.sign.sha256 ${FILE} openssl base64 -in ${FILE}.sign.sha256 -out ${FILE}.sign.sha256.base64 I=$((I+1)) NAME=bob FILE=`printf "%03d" ${I}`.${NAME}.msg MESSAGE='Hello Alice! I love you tooo :*' PASSWORD=`cat ${NAME}.pass` echo ${MESSAGE} > ${FILE} openssl dgst -sha256 -sign ${NAME}.private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -out ${FILE}.sign.sha256 ${FILE} openssl base64 -in ${FILE}.sign.sha256 -out ${FILE}.sign.sha256.base64 for FILE in `ls -1 *.msg` do NAME=`echo ${FILE} | awk -F\. '{print $2}'` openssl base64 -d -in ${FILE}.sign.sha256.base64 -out ${FILE}.sign.sha256.check openssl dgst -sha256 -verify ${NAME}.public.pem -signature ${FILE}.sign.sha256.check ${FILE} done
Концепция "почтовый ящик"
#!/usr/bin/env bash NAME=alice PASSWORD=`cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1` openssl genrsa -aes256 -passout pass:${PASSWORD} -out ${NAME}.private.pem 8912 openssl rsa -in ${NAME}.private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -pubout -out ${NAME}.public.pem echo $PASSWORD > ${NAME}.pass NAME=bob PASSWORD=`cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1` openssl genrsa -aes256 -passout pass:${PASSWORD} -out ${NAME}.private.pem 8912 openssl rsa -in ${NAME}.private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -pubout -out ${NAME}.public.pem echo $PASSWORD > ${NAME}.pass I=0 I=$((I+1)) NAME=bob FILE=`printf "%03d" ${I}`.${NAME}.msgenc MESSAGE='Hello Bob! I love you' echo ${MESSAGE} > ${FILE} openssl rsautl -encrypt -pubin -inkey ${NAME}.public.pem -in ${FILE} -out ${FILE}.encrypted I=$((I+1)) NAME=alice FILE=`printf "%03d" ${I}`.${NAME}.msgenc MESSAGE='Hello Alice! I love you tooo :*' echo ${MESSAGE} > ${FILE} openssl rsautl -encrypt -pubin -inkey ${NAME}.public.pem -in ${FILE} -out ${FILE}.encrypted for FILE in `ls -1 *.msgenc` do NAME=`echo ${FILE} | awk -F\. '{print $2}'` PASSWORD=`cat ${NAME}.pass` openssl rsautl -decrypt -inkey ${NAME}.private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -in ${FILE}.encrypted -out ${FILE}.encrypted.check CHECK=`diff ${FILE} ${FILE}.encrypted.check` if [ -z "$CHECK" ] then echo "VERIFY OK" fi done
Зашифрованные сообщения с подписью
#!/usr/bin/env bash NAME=alice PASSWORD=`cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1` openssl genrsa -aes256 -passout pass:${PASSWORD} -out ${NAME}.private.pem 8912 openssl rsa -in ${NAME}.private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -pubout -out ${NAME}.public.pem echo $PASSWORD > ${NAME}.pass NAME=bob PASSWORD=`cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1` openssl genrsa -aes256 -passout pass:${PASSWORD} -out ${NAME}.private.pem 8912 openssl rsa -in ${NAME}.private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -pubout -out ${NAME}.public.pem echo $PASSWORD > ${NAME}.pass I=0 I=$((I+1)) FROM=alice TO=bob FILE=msg.`printf "%03d" ${I}`.${FROM}.${TO} PASSWORD=`cat ${FROM}.pass` MESSAGE='Hello Bob! I love you' echo ${MESSAGE} > ${FILE} openssl rsautl -encrypt -pubin -inkey ${TO}.public.pem -in ${FILE} -out ${FILE}.encrypted openssl dgst -sha256 -sign ${FROM}.private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -out sign.${FILE}.encrypted ${FILE}.encrypted openssl base64 -in ${FILE}.encrypted -out ${FILE}.encrypted.base64 openssl base64 -in sign.${FILE}.encrypted -out sign.${FILE}.encrypted.base64 rm ${FILE} ${FILE}.encrypted sign.${FILE}.encrypted I=$((I+1)) FROM=bob TO=alice FILE=msg.`printf "%03d" ${I}`.${FROM}.${TO} PASSWORD=`cat ${FROM}.pass` MESSAGE='Hello Alice! I love you tooo :*' echo ${MESSAGE} > ${FILE} openssl rsautl -encrypt -pubin -inkey ${TO}.public.pem -in ${FILE} -out ${FILE}.encrypted openssl dgst -sha256 -sign ${FROM}.private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -out sign.${FILE}.encrypted ${FILE}.encrypted openssl base64 -in ${FILE}.encrypted -out ${FILE}.encrypted.base64 openssl base64 -in sign.${FILE}.encrypted -out sign.${FILE}.encrypted.base64 rm ${FILE} ${FILE}.encrypted sign.${FILE}.encrypted for FILE in `ls -1 msg.*` do FROM=`echo ${FILE} | awk -F\. '{print $3}'` TO=`echo ${FILE} | awk -F\. '{print $4}'` PASSWORD=`cat ${TO}.pass` echo '=====================================' echo 'FROM '${FROM} echo 'TO '${TO} openssl base64 -d -in ${FILE} -out ${FILE}.binary openssl base64 -d -in sign.${FILE} -out sign.${FILE}.binary openssl dgst -sha256 -verify ${FROM}.public.pem -signature sign.${FILE}.binary ${FILE}.binary openssl rsautl -decrypt -inkey ${TO}.private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -in ${FILE}.binary -out ${FILE}.binary.dencrypted cat ${FILE}.binary.dencrypted echo '=====================================' rm ${FILE}.binary sign.${FILE}.binary ${FILE}.binary.dencrypted done
Хэширование
Хэширование - это получение контрольной суммы от данных. Длина хэша ограничена. Длина данных - нет.
Коллизия - это когда на 2 пары разных данных получается один и тот же хэш.
Стойкость к коллизиям, непредсказуемость хэша и равномерная респределенность - главные критерии качества алгоритма хэширования.
Цепочка хэшей - это когда в каждое последующее звено цепи вы добавляете хэш предыдущего звена.
#!/usr/bin/env bash mkdir users USERS=(alice bob tom john michael jane mackenzie leo alex jim) for NAME in ${USERS[*]} do mkdir users/${NAME} PASSWORD=`cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1` openssl genrsa -aes256 -passout pass:${PASSWORD} -out users/${NAME}/private.pem 4096 openssl rsa -in users/${NAME}/private.pem -passin pass:${PASSWORD} -pubout -out users/${NAME}/public.pem echo $PASSWORD > users/${NAME}/pass done mkdir transactions I=0 while [ $I -le 1000 ] do FROM=${USERS[$RANDOM % ${#USERS[@]}]} TO=${USERS[$RANDOM % ${#USERS[@]}]} if [ "$FROM" == "$TO" ] then continue fi I=$((I+1)) FILE=transaction.`printf "%03d" ${I}`.${FROM}.${TO} MESSAGE=$((RANDOM % 100 + 1)) echo ${MESSAGE} > transactions/${FILE} openssl dgst -sha256 -sign users/${FROM}/private.pem -passin pass:`cat users/${FROM}/pass` -out transactions/sign.${FILE} transactions/${FILE} openssl base64 -in transactions/sign.${FILE} -out transactions/sign.${FILE}.base64 rm transactions/sign.${FILE} done I=0 ls -1 transactions/transaction.* | while read f do I=$((I+1)) FILE=`basename ${f}` FROM=`echo ${FILE} | awk -F\. '{print $3}'` TO=`echo ${FILE} | awk -F\. '{print $4}'` openssl base64 -d -in transactions/sign.${FILE}.base64 -out transactions/sign.${FILE}.base64.binary openssl dgst -sha256 -verify users/${FROM}/public.pem -signature transactions/sign.${FILE}.base64.binary transactions/${FILE} if [[ $? -eq 0 ]] then echo ${FILE} echo 'Verification ERROR!' break fi rm transactions/sign.${FILE}.base64.binary done
Генерация корневого сертификата и дочернего для хоста
#!/usr/bin/env bash ROOT_NAME="rootCA" ROOT_KEY_PASSWORD=`cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1` ROOT_CRT_DAYS=10950 ROOT_CRT_EMAIL="email@example.com" ROOT_CRT_COUNTRY="RU" ROOT_CRT_STATE="Moscow" ROOT_CRT_LOCATION="Moscow" ROOT_CRT_ORGANIZATION="Org" ROOT_CRT_ORGANIZATION_UNIT="Org" ROOT_CRT_COMMON_NAME="example.com" openssl genrsa\ -des3\ -passout pass:${ROOT_KEY_PASSWORD}\ -out ${ROOT_NAME}.key 2048 openssl req\ -x509\ -new\ -key ${ROOT_NAME}.key\ -passin pass:${ROOT_KEY_PASSWORD}\ -days ${ROOT_CRT_DAYS}\ -subj "/emailAddress=${ROOT_CRT_EMAIL}/C=${ROOT_CRT_COUNTRY}/ST=${ROOT_CRT_STATE}/L=${ROOT_CRT_LOCATION}/O=${ROOT_CRT_ORGANIZATION}/OU=${ROOT_CRT_ORGANIZATION_UNIT}/CN=${ROOT_CRT_COMMON_NAME}"\ -out ${ROOT_NAME}.crt echo ${ROOT_KEY_PASSWORD} > ${ROOT_NAME}.pass NAME="example" KEY_PASSWORD=`cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1` CRT_DAYS=3650 CRT_EMAIL="email@example.com" CRT_COUNTRY="RU" CRT_STATE="Moscow" CRT_LOCATION="Moscow" CRT_ORGANIZATION="Org" CRT_ORGANIZATION_UNIT="Org" CRT_COMMON_NAME="example.com" openssl genrsa\ -des3\ -passout pass:${KEY_PASSWORD}\ -out ${NAME}.key 2048 openssl req\ -new\ -key ${NAME}.key\ -passin pass:${KEY_PASSWORD}\ -subj "/emailAddress=${CRT_EMAIL}/C=${CRT_COUNTRY}/ST=${CRT_STATE}/L=${CRT_LOCATION}/O=${CRT_ORGANIZATION}/OU=${CRT_ORGANIZATION_UNIT}/CN=${CRT_COMMON_NAME}"\ -out ${NAME}.csr openssl x509\ -req\ -in ${NAME}.csr\ -CA ${ROOT_NAME}.crt\ -CAkey ${ROOT_NAME}.key\ -passin pass:${ROOT_KEY_PASSWORD}\ -CAcreateserial\ -days ${CRT_DAYS}\ -extensions v3_req\ -out ${NAME}.crt\ -extfile <(cat /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf <(printf "\n[ v3_req ]\nbasicConstraints = CA:FALSE\nkeyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment\nsubjectAltName = @alt_names\n\n[ alt_names ]\nDNS.1 = ${CRT_COMMON_NAME}")) echo ${KEY_PASSWORD} > ${NAME}.pass openssl x509 -in ${NAME}.crt -text -noout openssl rsa -passin pass:`cat ./${NAME}.pass` -in ${NAME}.key -out ${NAME}.wo.pwd.key # add to Ubuntu sudo mkdir /usr/share/ca-certificates/extra sudo cp ${ROOT_NAME}.crt /usr/share/ca-certificates/extra/${ROOT_NAME}.crt sudo dpkg-reconfigure ca-certificates sudo update-ca-certificates
Цепочка сертификатов
#!/usr/bin/env bash ROOT_NAME="rootCA" ROOT_KEY_PASSWORD=`cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1` ROOT_CRT_DAYS=10950 ROOT_CRT_EMAIL="email@example.com" ROOT_CRT_COUNTRY="RU" ROOT_CRT_STATE="Moscow" ROOT_CRT_LOCATION="Moscow" ROOT_CRT_ORGANIZATION="Org" ROOT_CRT_ORGANIZATION_UNIT="Org" ROOT_CRT_COMMON_NAME="example.com" openssl genrsa\ -des3\ -passout pass:${ROOT_KEY_PASSWORD}\ -out ${ROOT_NAME}.key 2048 openssl req\ -x509\ -new\ -key ${ROOT_NAME}.key\ -passin pass:${ROOT_KEY_PASSWORD}\ -days ${ROOT_CRT_DAYS}\ -subj "/emailAddress=${ROOT_CRT_EMAIL}/C=${ROOT_CRT_COUNTRY}/ST=${ROOT_CRT_STATE}/L=${ROOT_CRT_LOCATION}/O=${ROOT_CRT_ORGANIZATION}/OU=${ROOT_CRT_ORGANIZATION_UNIT}/CN=${ROOT_CRT_COMMON_NAME}"\ -out ${ROOT_NAME}.crt echo ${ROOT_KEY_PASSWORD} > ${ROOT_NAME}.pass NAME="example" KEY_PASSWORD=`cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1` CRT_DAYS=3650 CRT_EMAIL="email@example.com" CRT_COUNTRY="RU" CRT_STATE="Moscow" CRT_LOCATION="Moscow" CRT_ORGANIZATION="Org" CRT_ORGANIZATION_UNIT="Org" CRT_COMMON_NAME="example.com" openssl genrsa\ -des3\ -passout pass:${KEY_PASSWORD}\ -out ${NAME}.key 2048 openssl req\ -new\ -key ${NAME}.key\ -passin pass:${KEY_PASSWORD}\ -subj "/emailAddress=${CRT_EMAIL}/C=${CRT_COUNTRY}/ST=${CRT_STATE}/L=${CRT_LOCATION}/O=${CRT_ORGANIZATION}/OU=${CRT_ORGANIZATION_UNIT}/CN=${CRT_COMMON_NAME}"\ -out ${NAME}.csr openssl x509\ -req\ -in ${NAME}.csr\ -CA ${ROOT_NAME}.crt\ -CAkey ${ROOT_NAME}.key\ -passin pass:${ROOT_KEY_PASSWORD}\ -CAcreateserial\ -days ${CRT_DAYS}\ -extensions v3_req\ -out ${NAME}.crt\ -extfile <(cat /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf <(printf "\n[ v3_req ]\nbasicConstraints = CA:FALSE\nkeyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment\nsubjectAltName = @alt_names\n\n[ alt_names ]\nDNS.1 = ${CRT_COMMON_NAME}")) echo ${KEY_PASSWORD} > ${NAME}.pass
File Encrypt Decrypt
pw=`pwgen -1 -y 32` echo ${pw} | openssl enc -in superfile2 -pbkdf2 -base64 -pass stdin > superfile2.enc echo ${pw} | openssl enc -in superfile2.enc -d -pbkdf2 -base64 -pass stdin > superfile2.enc.dec
Decrypt key(remove passphrase)
openssl rsa -in ./localhost.key -out ./localhost.key.dec
Ссылки и доп информация
- https://vas3k.ru/blog/blockchain/
- https://tjournal.ru/money/45977-blokcheyn-i-mayning-svoimi-rukami
- https://www.zimuel.it/blog/sign-and-verify-a-file-using-openssl
- https://gist.github.com/dreikanter/c7e85598664901afae03fedff308736b
- https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/x509.html
- https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/req.html
- https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.0.2/apps/genrsa.html
- https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.0.2/apps/ca.html
- http://www.opennet.ru/base/sec/ssl_cert.txt.html
- https://knowledge.digicert.com/solution/SO5292.html
- https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C
Криптовалюты
Кошельки
Биржи
Let's Encrypt
sudo apt install letsencrypt sudo systemctl status certbot.timer sudo certbot certonly --standalone --agree-tos --preferred-challenges http -d domain-name.com sudo certbot certonly --manual --agree-tos --preferred-challenges dns -d aleksashkin.com -d *.aleksashkin.com --email artem@aleksashkin.com sudo certbot certonly -n --force-renewal -d wiki.aleksashkin.net --webroot --webroot-path /home/artem/projects/nginx/ sudo rsync -av /etc/letsencrypt/ ./ssl/letsencrypt/ sudo chown -Rv artem:artem ./ssl/letsencrypt make restart